The Beginning of the Ionian Revolt

The Ionian revolt (c. 499-c.493) led to the Persian Wars, which includes the famous battle depicted in the movie 300, the Battle of Thermopylae, and the battle that lent its name to a long race, the Battle of Marathon. The Ionian Revolt itself did not occur in a vacuum but was preceded by other tensions, notably trouble in Naxos. Possible reasons for the revolt of the Ionian Greeks (based on Manville): Anti-tyrant feeling.Having to pay tribute to the Persian king.The kings failure to understand the Greeks need for freedom.As response to an economic crisis in Asia Minor.Aristagoras hope to get out of his difficulties with Artaphrenes that were caused by the ill-fated Naxos Expedition.Histiaios hope to get out of his benign captivity at Susa. Characters in the Naxos Expedition The principal names to know in connection with this Herodotus-based introduction to the Ionian Revolt are those involved in the Naxos Expedition: Histiaios (Histiaeus), son of Lysagoras and the tyrant of Miletus (c.515–493 B.C.).Aristagoras (c.505–496 B.C.), son of Molpagoras, ambitious son-in-law, and deputy of Histaios.Artaphernes, satrap of Lydia, in western Asia Minor.Darius (r. c.521-486 B.C.), the Great King of Persia and half-brother of Artaphernes.Megabates, a cousin of Darius and Persian naval commander. Aristagoras of Miletus and the Naxos Expedition Naxos — the prosperous Cyclades island where the legendary Theseus abandoned Ariadne — was not yet under Persian control. The Naxians had driven out certain rich men, who had fled to Miletus but wished to go home. They asked Aristagoras for help. Aristagoras was the deputy tyrant of Miletus, the son-in-law of the proper tyrant, Histiaios, who had been rewarded Myrkinos for loyalty at the Danube Bridge in the Persian Great King Darius fight against the Scythians. He was  then asked by the king to come to Sardis, where he was brought to Susa by Darius. Megabates Betrays Artaphernes Aristagoras agreed to aid the exiles, and asked the satrap of western Asia, Artaphernes, for help. Artaphernes — with permission from Darius — gave Aristagoras a fleet of 200 ships under the command of a Persian named Megabates. Aristagoras and the Naxian exiles set sail with Megabates et al. They pretended to head to the Hellespont. At Chios, they stopped and waited for a favorable wind. Meanwhile, Megabates toured his ships. Finding one neglected, he ordered the commander punished. Aristagoras not only released the commander but reminded Megabates that Megabates was only second-in-command. As a result of this insult, Megabates betrayed the operation by informing the Naxians in advance of their arrival. This gave them time to prepare, so they were able to survive the Milesian-Persian fleet arrival and four-month siege. In the end, the defeated Persian-Milesians left, with the exiled Naxians installed in forts built around Naxos. Herodotus says Aristagoras feared Persian reprisal as a consequence of the defeat. Histiaios sent a slave — Aristagoras — with a secret message about the revolt hidden as a brand on his scalp. The revolt was Aristagoras next step. Aristagoras persuaded those he joined in a council that they should revolt. One hold-out was the logographer Hecataeus who thought the Persians too powerful. When Hecataeus couldnt persuade the council, he objected to the army-based plan, urging, instead, a naval approach. The Ionian Revolt With Aristagoras as leader of their revolutionary movement after his failed expedition against Naxos, Ionian cities deposed their pro-Persian Greek puppet tyrants, replacing them with a democratic government, and prepared for further revolt against the Persians. Since they required military help Aristagoras went across the Aegean to mainland Greece to ask for help. Aristagoras unsuccessfully petitioned Sparta for its army, but Athens and Eretria provided more appropriate naval support for the Ionian islands — as the logographer/historian Hecataeus had urged. Together the Greeks from Ionia and the mainland pillaged and burned most of Sardis, the capital of Lydia, but Artaphrenes successfully defended the citys citadel. Retreating to Ephesus, the Greek forces were beaten by the Persians. Byzantium, Caria, Caunus, and most of Cyprus joined in the Ionian revolt. Although the Greek forces were occasionally successful, as at Caria, the Persians were winning. Aristagoras left Miletus in the hands of Pythagoras and went to Myrkinos where he was killed by Thracians. Persuading Darius to let him leave by telling the Persian king that he would pacify Ionia, Histiaios left Susa, went to Sardis, and tried unsuccessfully to re-enter Miletus. A major sea battle at Lade resulted in the victory of the Persians and the defeat of the Ionians. Miletus fell. Histiaios was captured and executed by Artaphrenes who may have been jealous of Histiaios close relationship with Darius. Sources Herodotus Book VHerodotus Book VIAristagoras and Histiaios: The Leadership Struggle in the Ionian Revolt, by P. B. Manville; The Classical Quarterly, (1977), pp. 80-91.The Attack on Naxos: A Forgotten Cause of the Ionian Revolt, by Arthur Keaveney; The Classical Quarterly, (1988), pp. 76-81.Jona Lendering: Beginning of the Ionian Revolt; affairs in Greece (5.28-55)

Cultural Conflict between Hmongs and American Culture

This entry book† spirit catches you and you fall down† is talking about the cultural conflict between the Hmongs culture and American culture. These differences are brought by the strong beliefs in the Hmongs culture, and the difficulties to accept a new culture. There is a lot of misunderstanding/conflicts between these two cultures in the book. Usually, when the doctors are trying to convince the Lees family about Lias treatments, the Lees are stuck in their ways and really hard to accept what the doctors have to say about their beloved daughter. They believe in their own ways, even if it is helpful or not. They refuse to accept the doctors ideas, and because the treatments that the doctors give are based on the scientific experiences, so the doctors believe that the Hmongs ideas are unreasonable or even stupid .However, when the culture conflicts face the love, these cultural differences become meaningless, which lead me to think that love is the only way that bring th ese cultures to connect. The Hmong cultural/religious belief in shamanistic animism claim that wicked spirits are continually searching human souls, mostly those of defenseless or unappreciated children. For Hmong culture, epilepsy is known as qaug dab peg which means, the spirit catches you and you fall down in English (Fadiman 1997), which epileptic invasions are seen as affirmation of the epileptics capability to enter and stay temporarily into the spirit world (unconsciousness). In HmongShow MoreRelatedThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down968 Words   |  4 PagesResponse to The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down â€Å"Medicine was religion. Religion was society. Society was medicine† (Fadiman, 1997). To the Hmong’s, this is a way of life. Everything in their culture is interrelated and represents a holistic view. As Americans, we try to incorporate the holistic approach into our health care system, but heavily rely on medications and science to treat illness. Arthur Kelinman developed the explanatory model of illness which incorporates a series of questionsRead MoreMedicine Was Religion : A Holistic Approach Into Our Health Care System992 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Medicine was religion. Religion was society. Society was medicine† (Fadiman, 1997). To the Hmong’s, this is a way of life. Everything in their culture is interrelated and represents a holistic view. As Americans, we try to incorporate the holistic approach into our health care system, but heavily rely on medications and science to treat illness. Arthur Kelinman developed the explanatory model of illness which incorporates a series of questions that is unique to a patient’s illness to developRead MoreDifferences in Health Care Illustrated in Anne Fadimans The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down1683 Words   |  7 Pagespoints out, the values and ideals of the Hmong culture and the United States health care system are not always the same and sometimes come into great conflict with each other. Lia Lee was unfortunately the person stuck in the middle of this great conflict. The two Hmong cultural values that were demonstrated by the Lee family are portrayed by their belief and view about the cause and method of cure for an illness. The Lee family comes from a culture that believes in holistic healing. They have anRead MoreCross-Cultural Misunderstanding in Anne Fadimans In the Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down1483 Words   |  6 Pagessubject of cross cultural misunderstanding. This she effectively portrays using Lia, a Hmong, her medical history, the misunderstandings created by obstacles of communication, the religious background, the battle with modernized medical science and cultural anachronisms. Handling an epileptic child, in a strange land in a manner very unlike the shamanistic animism they were accustomed to, generated many problems for her parents. The author dwells on the radically different cultures to highlight theRead MoreTraditionally, A Common Hmong’S Custom Is That A Soul Can1180 Words   |  5 PagesTraditionally, a commo n Hmong’s custom is that a soul can separate from its body and a shaman possesses power to control spiritual forces. Therefore, a shaman is capable of healing illnesses at the spiritual level. The Hmong have a belief that ancestral spirits, including the spirits of shamans are reincarnated into the same family tree. The Hmong’s believe in their Shaman more than western doctors. They prefer to perform their treatment by hosting their rituals to save and cure their sicknessesRead MoreSpirit Catches You and You Fall Down2969 Words   |  12 Pagesat an early age). Foua is the mother and wife. In the first chapter Nao gives birth to Lia Lee in an American hospital, their first child to be born in a hospital. Lia was born July 19, 1982. The baby appeared to be healthy and was released from the hospital 3 days later. The main focus of this chapter is comparing the birth of the children in Laos (where Nao and Foua were from) to the American birthing traditions Chapter 2 - Fish Soup This chapter explains different people’s perspectives of theRead MoreIdeas And Methods Of Illness And Healing1268 Words   |  6 Pagesmethods of illness and healing, respectively, vary within divergent socio-cultural systems. Therefore, the clash due to migration of populations often generates conflict, jeopardizing the patient at hand. The Hmong are an ethnic group originally from Southeast China, who have since migrated in large scale to the United States in search of greater quality of life. Due to their society’s close relationship to religion, Shamanism, American health practitioners have encountered difficulties when treating HmongRead MoreThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down1434 Words   |  6 PagesThe Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down is a piece of journalism that demonstrates the clash between western medical practices and that of the Hmong culture. Both the physicians and Lia’s family are trying to do their best to improve Lia’s medica l condition but the two cultures’ idea of treating her epilepsy contradict each others. Additionally, western medical culture and Hmong culture have different definitions for Lia’s illness. The western definition of her illness is epilepsy meaning a disruptionRead MoreThe Spirit Catches You and You Call Down Essay4621 Words   |  19 Pages09/09/2013 Assignment 1 1. What do you think of traditional Hmong birth practices (pp. 3-5)? Compare them to the techniques used when Lia was born (p. 7). How do Hmong and American birth practices differ? I find the traditional birth practices peculiar and very unsafe. The conceiving of a child should be done in a sterile environment by professionals, so that the risks of negative effects like infections, wounds, etc. is minimized. Nevertheless I think the tradition, that the placenta is buriedRead MoreThe Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down1907 Words   |  8 Pagesrelationships with cultural beliefs. She challenges readers to consider what is known about western medicinal practices and beliefs, based on science, and recognize its effectiveness when paired with cultural understanding. This novel portrays some of the greatest medicinal and health challenges and cultural failures of western societies. There were several cultural competency themes integrated throughout the book, however, it surprised me at how distant western practices and the Hmong’s healing methods

A Jury of Her Peers by Susan Glaspell Free Essays

This short story entitled â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† by Susan Glaspell is about a farmer’s murder in Dickinson County.   This farmer named John Wright was murdered during his sleep.   The suspect of the said crime was his wife, Minnie Wright, for the crime happened in their residence, in John’s own bed. We will write a custom essay sample on A Jury of Her Peers by Susan Glaspell or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Mr. Wright was strangled by a rope during his sleep which caused his death.   The story revolved around the investigation conducted after the crime.   Five people went to the Wright’s residence – Mr. Henderson, who was the county attorney; Mr. Peters who was the sheriff together with his wife; and, Mr. Hale, who was a neighbor of the Wrights.   Mrs. Martha Hale was also there since Mrs. Peters wanted to have female company with her as they went to the scene of the crime. When they got to the Wrights’ house, the sheriff and the county attorney asked Mr. Hale to tell about what happened when he went to the house to see John Wright.   Mr. Hale said that Mrs. Wright was just in seated on a chair and as he asked to see John, Minnie said he cannot for John is dead.   He asked where he was and Minnie simply pointed upstairs.   Further, he asked how he died and she said that a rope wrung his neck.   So Mr. Hale went upstairs together with his eldest son, Harry. Mr. Hale thought of removing the rope thinking that John might still be alive, but his son stopped him, saying that it was evidence that should be preserved.   Harry ascertained that Mr. Wright was indeed dead. During the investigation, they failed to scrutinize for clues in the kitchen and focused on the crime scene itself.   As the three men investigated upstairs, the two women were left in the kitchen, where they did investigations by themselves.   Ironically, the two women discovered things which served as pieces of the puzzle.   Mrs. Hale knew that there were unfinished tasks in the kitchen, which the men did not notice. She knew this, as she herself had unfinished works in the kitchen as his husband demanded that she join him to the Wrights’ house. Another clue was a bird cage with hinges that were broken, in what they thought, a rough manner. Then, there was a quilt, with stitching that they scrutinized and noticed that was almost perfect and neatly done.   At the edge of the quilt, however, the stitches became uneven, as if Minnie was unstable as she did it.   As the women continued to look at Minnie’s sewing materials for the quilt, Mrs. Hale, saw a beautiful box.   When she opened it, she saw something wrapped in silk.   To her surprise it was the dead canary bird.   Its neck was wrung.  Ã‚   It was killed in almost the same way as Mr. Wright was murdered. These pieces of evidence were kept among themselves.   Though the men found out about the broken cage, the women said that perhaps a cat killed the bird, and the men took the idea. Aside from this, Mrs. Hale has repaired that imperfect stitching from the quilt which Mrs. Wright was making.   The women, who seem to relate to the sentiments and position of Minnie, silently agreed to keep the motive for the killing of John Wright.   As Enotes puts it: â€Å"In silent collusion, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters cover up the clues that reveal Minnie’s motive, quietly acquitting Minnie from wrongdoing without their husbands’ knowledge† (par. 2) This story, as indicated in the Introduction of as study guide in Enotes, was â€Å"based on an actual court case [that Susan Glaspell] covered as a reporter for the Des Moines Daily† (par. 1).   The crime happened in Indianola, Iowa on December 2, 1900 where a farmer named John Hossack was murdered in bed.   His head was hit hard by an axe and the suspect was none other than his wife, Margaret.   She was released as there was insufficient evidence for her to be convicted. Apparently, during the period when Susan Glaspell wrote this short story, women were good as voiceless.   No woman was a member of jury.   Glaspell, through her writing, has depicted how the women can be ironically stronger and smarter than the men.   It was the women who have found the evidence and in their own way became the jurors for this crime.   In addition, women were regarded by men as inferior.   As stated, women were left in the kitchen and it was the men who did the investigation.   Also, there were a number of instances in the story where the men laughed at the women’s ways and conversations.   The women were timid and they do not speak when they were with the men. Moreover, one can deduce the fact that Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters can empathize with Mrs. Wright.   They knew that there has been maltreatment from Mr. Wright and that he â€Å"killed† the source of little joys for her wife.   It was mentioned that before they married, Minnie sang on choirs and stopped singing after marrying Mr. Wright.   Moreover, Mrs. Hale supposed that canary birds are singing birds and are good companions against loneliness.   From this, Mrs.   Hale concludes (as implied in the story) that Mr. Wright must have killed the canary bird. The story was written in a cohesive manner and can be easily grasped.   On initial glance it appears to be a simple detective story.     However, as any other literature, one ought to understand it within its historical context.   Reading and understanding the conversations between the women seem to represent the powerlessness and overall disadvantaged status of women in society.   During the 1900s, women did not enjoy the same freedom as women do nowadays. â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers† effectively showed how unjust the women were treated in a male-dominated society. Enotes say that critics see the story as â€Å"more of a commentary about female oppression, justice, the confining nature of rigid stereotypes, and the differences in perspective between men and women† (par. 3).   Ã‚  Basing from this fact, one can appreciate how powerful such piece of writing was, up to this date.   Furthermore, Enotes adds that â€Å"critics have hailed ‘A Jury of Her Peers’ as a feminist classic, noting the story’s significance-laden details and its insight into motivations of men and women† (par. 4).   This work of Glaspell is a good material for the study of feminism. Works Cited â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers, Susan Glaspell: Introduction.† Short Story Criticism. Ed. Jenny Cromie Editor. Vol. 41. Gale Group, Inc., 2001. eNotes.com. 2006. 4 May 2008 ;http://www.enotes.com/short-story-criticism/ jury-her-peers-susan-glaspell; . â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers: Introduction.† Short Stories for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 3. Detroit: Gale, 1998. eNotes.com. January 2006. 4 May 2008. Glaspell, Susan. â€Å"A Jury of Her Peers.† Learner.com. 2008. 4 May 2008 ;www.learner.org/interactives/literature/story/fulltext.html;. ; ; ; ; ; ; How to cite A Jury of Her Peers by Susan Glaspell, Essay examples

Buddha Essay Example For Students

Buddha Essay BuddhaThe word Buddha means enlightened one. It is used today as a title tothe one who has given us more religious beliefs than almost any other human wholived in this world. However, he was not given this name at birth; he had toearn it for himself by undergoing long, hard hours of meditation andcontemplation. Buddha has changed the lifestyles of many cultures with new,never-before asked questions that were explained by his search for salvation. He began an entirely new religion that dared to test the boundaries of realityand go beyond common knowledge to find the answers of the mysteries of life. IndiaDuring the sixth century BC, India was a land of political and religiousturmoil. It was an era of great brutality with the domination of NorthwestIndia by Indo-Aryan invaders. Many people, influenced by the Aryan civilization,began to question the value of life and its true meaning. Schools were openedbecause of this curiosity where teachers would discuss the significance ofexistence and the nature of man and held programs to reconstruct ones spiritualself. (Pardue, page 228)BackgroundNear the town of Kapilavastivu, today known as Nepal, lived KingSuddhodhana and Queen Maya of the indigenous tribe known as the Shakyas. (Encyclopedia Americana, page 687) Queen Maya soon became pregnant and had adream shortly before she gave birth. In this dream a beautiful, white elephantwith six tusks entered her room and touched her side. This dream was sooninterpreted by the wisest Brahmin, or Priest of Brahmanism, that she was to givebirth to a son that would, if he were to remain in the castle, become the wisestking in the world, but if he were ever to leave the castle he would then becomethe wisest prophet far into future generations. (Encyclopedia Americana, page410)In around the year 563 BC, Siddhartha Gautama was born into a life ofpure luxury. (Wangu, page 16) His father wanted to make sure that his son waswell taken care of as he grew to prevent him from desiring to leave the palace. Suddhodhana, listening to the prophecy, kept Siddhartha away from the pain ofreality so that he could follow in his fathers footsteps in becoming a wellrespected leader. As Siddhartha grew, he became very curious about the world outside ofthe palace walls. He felt a great need to undergo new experiences and learn thetruth of reality. Siddhartha was married to a woman named Yasodhara who gavebirth to a boy, Rahul. Even after his marriage, Siddhartha was still notcompletely satisfied with his life; he decided that it was necessary for him tosee the lives of those outside the castle. The Four MeetingsOne day, Siddhartha called for his charioteer to take him to the park. When the King heard of this, he ordered the streets to be cleared of everythingexcept beauty. As the Prince rode by, the people cheered and threw flowers athim, praising his name and Siddhartha was still clueless to the suffering oflife until a god, disguised as a poor, old man stumbled before the chariot. Siddhartha was curious to this mans condition and he asked the charioteer abouthis appearance. The charioteer replied that all men must endure old age andthat even the prince could not escape this fate. Siddhartha then returned tothe palace to contemplate about old age which caused him to want to see more. The next day, Siddhartha decided to venture on to the streets againwhich were, by the Kings request, once more cleared of all evil and ugliness. .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5 , .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5 .postImageUrl , .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5 , .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5:hover , .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5:visited , .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5:active { border:0!important; } .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5:active , .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5 .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1238942aaa5e1a1c8d5c8ce5fbcd4ed5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sexual harrasment EssayThis time, Siddhartha encountered a sick man and again, returned to the palaceto reflect on sickness. On his third trip to the park, Siddhartha approached afuneral in a garden and was educated by the charioteer about how every man mustexperience death. Finally, on the fourth day, the young prince saw a shaven-headed man wearing a yellow robe. He was amazed and impressed by how peacefulthe man seemed; he carried with him only a begging bowl and had left all otherpossessions to try to find spiritual deliverance. At that moment, Siddharthaknew his destiny was to discover how this man has avoided these acts ofsuffering. (The New Encyclopedia Britannica, page 270)Later that night, Siddhartha kissed his wife and son, and left with hischarioteer away from the palace of riches and pleasure. He left behind his lifeof pure desire to understand the true meaning of life.